Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) – Bou Madaran
Introduction
Yarrow, also known as Bou Madaran, Milfoil, or in traditional medicine texts as Heznbel, is a medicinal herb belonging to the Asteraceae (composite) family and the genus Achillea. This aromatic, herbaceous plant grows annually or perennially and is native to the Mediterranean region and widely distributed across Iran.
It typically reaches a height of 25–60 cm, with slender, upright stems and finely divided, glaucous (blue-green) foliage. The plant features long petioles and clusters of tightly packed flower heads (inflorescences) that bloom at the tips of its stems. These small, daisy-like flowers vary in color, most commonly white or yellow. Its seeds are smooth and almost spherical. The plant emits a distinctive aroma due to the presence of essential oils concentrated in its flowering branches.
In traditional medicine, especially folk remedies, Yarrow—also known locally as Shepherd’s Musk or Moshk Daash—has been valued for its antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, and energizing effects.
Historical Background
The botanical name Achillea originates from the Greek hero Achilles, who, according to legend, used the plant to treat soldiers’ wounds during the Trojan War (around 1200 BCE). Its association with wound healing and blood-staunching is reflected in its historic use. During the Saxon period, Yarrow was also believed to ward off the evil eye and played a role in magical rituals.
The common English name “Nosebleed” alludes to one of its traditional uses: to stop nosebleeds.
Botanical Characteristics
Yarrow is a hardy plant that can grow from 20 to over 90 cm in height. Its feathery, fern-like leaves are sessile (lacking petioles), deeply dissected, and covered with fine hairs. The flowers form dense, flat-topped clusters (capitula) at the end of stems.
Each capitulum measures approximately 4–8 mm in length and 2–5 mm in width, consisting of two types of flowers:
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Peripheral ray florets, usually white, in a petal-like shape.
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Central disc florets, small and tubular.
All parts of the plant are aromatic, with a characteristic bitter flavor.
Some notable species and subspecies include:
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Achillea millefolium: Typically white-flowered.
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Santolina species: Sometimes grouped with yarrow varieties, smaller in size, and with bright yellow flowers.
Depending on the species and growing conditions, yarrow may reach varying heights (e.g., 10–35 cm, 15–55 cm, 10–80 cm).
Microscopic Characteristics
Yarrow powder is light green, with a strong aromatic scent and bitter taste. Under the microscope, it reveals:
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Non-secretory and supportive fibers (from stem tissue)
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Parenchymal cells from petals
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Trichomes (hair structures)
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Spherical, spiny pollen grains
Habitat and Harvesting
Yarrow grows abundantly as a wild plant in farmlands, plains, roadsides, and mountainous regions. It is commonly found across Europe, northern Iran, the Alborz mountain range, and parts of Kerman, including Haraz and Bid Khan Bardsir.
Flowering occurs between late May and late July. The optimal harvesting period is the first half of July.
In local dialects:
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In North Khorasan and Azerbaijan: Sarigol
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In Lorestan: Baranjdas
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Found extensively in Ilam Province and referenced in the Flora of Ilam.
Usable Parts of the Plant
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Flowering branches
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Essential oils extracted from the flowers
Available Forms
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Capsules
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Extracts
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Powder
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Herbal tea
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Tinctures
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Bath lotions
Therapeutic Properties
Flower-Based Uses:
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Respiratory: Anti-allergic, astringent for mucous membranes, decongestant
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Essential oil: Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, skin moisturizer, makeup remover, balm ingredient, promotes hair growth, topical wound healer (e.g., in shampoos)
Leaves:
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Promotes blood clotting
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Accelerates wound healing
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Fresh leaves chewed for toothache relief
Aerial Parts (Whole above-ground parts):
Digestive System:
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Relieves gastrointestinal pain
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Stimulates digestion
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Tonic for the stomach
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Carminative (relieves gas)
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Mild laxative
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Appetite stimulant
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Promotes bile flow
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Alleviates hemorrhoids
Urogenital System:
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Antiseptic for urinary tract
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Diuretic
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Reduces menstrual bleeding and pain
Cardiovascular System:
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Blood tonic
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Improves circulation
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Relaxes peripheral blood vessels
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Lowers blood pressure
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Prevents cerebral thrombosis and arterial hardening
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Supports varicose vein health
Other Uses:
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Diaphoretic (induces sweating), antipyretic (reduces fever)
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Antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic
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Natural insect repellent
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Skin cleanser
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Treats eczema and dermatological conditions
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General pain relief and calming effects
Usage and Dosage
Boil 4.2 grams of the dried flowering branches in one glass of water for 10 minutes. Let it steep, strain, and consume 1–3 times daily, optionally sweetened with honey or sugar cubes.
Side Effects
Yarrow is generally considered safe when consumed in therapeutic doses. However, some potential side effects include:
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Drowsiness or sedation
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Nausea, vomiting
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Appetite suppression (anorexia)
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Photosensitivity with long-term use
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Contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
Precautions and Contraindications
Avoid use in the following cases:
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Pregnancy (may stimulate uterine contractions)
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Breastfeeding
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Children under 2 years
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Individuals with known allergies to Yarrow or other members of the Asteraceae (composite) family
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Do not apply to eyes or mucous membranes
